转帖医学史集锦——诺贝尔生理学或医学奖1901年获得者贝林

清歌一曲月如霜

转帖医学史集锦——诺贝尔生理学或医学奖1901年获得者贝林


埃米尔·冯·贝林
诺贝尔生理学或医学奖在1901

传记
埃米尔·阿道夫·贝林，德语艾劳Hansdorf 1854年3月15日出生，作为长子的第二次婚姻的校长，一共有13个孩子。由于家庭无法负担保持在一所大学的埃米尔，他进入，在1874年，在柏林著名的陆军医学院。这使得他的研究财政上可行的，但也进行了义务留在军队服役几年后，他采取了他的医学学位（1878年），并通过他的国家考试（1880年）。他随后被送往波兰Wohlau和波森。除了太多的实际工作中，他发现在波森的时间来研究（化学系实验站）化脓性疾病与问题。在1881年至1883年的年中，他进行了重要的调查碘仿的作用，说明它不会杀死微生物，但可以抵消他们的毒药，从而抗毒。他的第一个出版物对这些问题出现在1882年。监管机构关注与军事健康，这是特别感兴趣的流行病的预防和打击，意识到贝林的能力，打发他药理学家C.波恩Binz距实验方法作进一步培训。在1888年，他们命令他回到柏林，在那里，他无疑是在用他自己的意愿完全一致 - 根据罗伯特·科赫担任助理卫生研究所。 1889年后，他在那里停留了好几年，跟着科赫当后者转移到传染病研究所。这一任命使他成为密切的关联，不仅与科赫，但也与P.埃利希，谁加入，在1890年的辉煌科赫已经聚集在他周围的工人队伍。 1894年贝林在哈雷成为卫生学教授，并于次年，他移动到相应的马尔堡椅子上。
贝林的最重要的研究密切势必与巴斯德，科赫，埃利希洛夫勒，鲁，耶尔森和别人，这导致我​​们的现代细菌性疾病免疫学知识基础的划时代的工作，但他是，他自己，主要是想起他的工作白喉，肺结核。 1888年至1890年E. Roux和A.耶尔森，在巴黎巴斯德研究所的工作，在多年表明，滤液没有包含杆菌，白喉文化包含了他们所谓的毒素的物质，生产，当注射到动物白喉症状。 1890年，L. Brieger和C弗兰克尔准备，白喉杆菌文化，一种有毒物质，而他们所谓的毒蛋白，当它在合适的剂量注入到豚鼠，这些动物的免疫接种白喉。
碘仿的动作从他的观察，试图找到贝林如果动物被注射材料，经治疗后已与各种消毒剂，消毒是否活的有机体可能获得。以上所有的实验进行了白喉和破伤风杆菌。他们带领的知名开发了一种新的治疗这两种疾病。 1890年，贝林和S.北里发表了他们的发现，毕业于剂量白喉或破伤风杆菌引起的消毒的brothcultures的动物去生产，在他们的血液中，这些杆菌抗毒素中和毒素的物质。他们还发现，抗毒素，从而产生的一种动物免疫另一种动物，它实际上可以治愈动物白喉症状。这个伟大的发现很快就被证实，并成功地应用于其他工人。
早在1898年，贝林和F韦尼克发现了可以产生免疫力白喉，白喉抗毒素中和白喉毒素注射到动物，西​​奥博尔德史密斯曾在1907年建议，这种毒素 - 抗毒素混合物可能被用于免疫男人对这种疾病。贝林，然而，他宣布，在1913年，他的这种混合物的生产，并导致后续工作，修改和完善的混合物最初由贝林现代免疫方法，这在很大程度上消除了白喉的祸害人类。贝林自己看到他生产的这种毒素 - 抗毒素混合物最终消除白喉的可能性，他认为这部分他的努力，他一生的工作取得圆满成功。
从1901年起贝林健康阻止他给予定期讲座，他致力于主要是结核病的研究。为了方便自己的工作中，他有一家商业公司的财务权益，为他建造的，装备精良的实验室在马尔堡和他本人于1914年创立，在马尔堡，Behringwerke公司用于制造血清和疫苗，这些试点工作。他的血清和疫苗的生产与经济繁荣使他和他拥有一个大型楼盘在马尔堡，这是他用作实验的牛放养。
绝大多数Behring公司的许多出版物已容易获得在版本Gesammelte Abhandlungen的（集刊）于1893年和1915年。
无数的区别被赋予贝林。早在1893年，教授的称号授予他，两年后，他成为«Geheimer Medizinalrat“法国荣誉军团军官。在随后的几年跟随在意大利，土耳其和法国学会的名誉会员资格，在1901年，这一年他的诺贝尔文学奖，他提出以令诸侯，并在1903年，他当选为枢密院阁下的标题。随后在匈牙利和俄罗斯进一步的荣誉会员，以及来自德国，土耳其和罗焉尼亚的勋章和奖章。他也成为名誉弗里曼（Ehrenbürger）马尔堡。
在1896贝林18岁结婚，否则斯皮诺拉，女儿的Charité柏林主任。他们有七个孩子。贝林死于马尔堡1917年3月31日。
从诺贝尔奖获得者演讲，生理学或医学，爱思唯尔出版公司，1901年至1921年，1967年阿姆斯特丹
这本自传/传记是首次出版，在书中系列LES大奖赛诺贝尔。它后来被编辑和再版，在诺贝尔奖获得者演讲。要引用这个文件，总是注明出处，如上图所示。


Emil von Behring
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

Biography
Emil Adolf Behring was born on March 15, 1854 at Hansdorf, Deutsch-Eylau as the eldest son of the second marriage of a schoolmaster with a total of 13 children. Since the family could not afford to keep Emil at a University, he entered, in 1874, the well-known Army Medical College at Berlin. This made his studies financially practicable but also carried the obligation to stay in military service for several years after he had taken his medical degree (1878) and passed his State Examination (1880). He was then sent to Wohlau and Posen in Poland. Besides much practical work he found in Posen time to study (at the Chemical Department of the Experimental Station) problems connected with septic diseases. In the years 1881-1883 he carried out important investigations on the action of iodoform, stating that it does not kill microbes but may neutralize the poisons given off by them, thus being antitoxic. His first publications on these questions appeared in 1882. The governing body concerned with military health, which was especially interested in the prevention and combating of epidemics, being aware of the ability of Behring, sent him to the pharmacologist C. Binz at Bonn for further training in experimental methods. In 1888 they ordered him back to Berlin, where he worked-undoubtedly in full agreement with his own wishes - as an assistant at the Institute of Hygiene under Robert Koch. He remained there for several years after 1889, and followed Koch when the latter moved to the Institute for Infectious Diseases. This appointment brought him into close association, not only with Koch, but also with P. Ehrlich, who joined, in 1890, the brilliant team of workers Koch had gathered round him. In 1894 Behring became Professor of Hygiene at Halle, and the following year he moved to the corresponding chair at Marburg.
Behring's most important researches were intimately bound up with the epoch-making work of Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Löffler, Roux, Yersin and others, which led the foundation of our modern knowledge of the immunology of bacterial diseases; but he is, himself, chiefly remembered for his work on diphtheria and on tuberculosis. During the years 1888-1890 E. Roux and A. Yersin, working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, had shown that filtrates of diphtheria cultures which contained no bacilli, contained a substance which they called a toxin, that produced, when injected into animals, all the symptoms of diphtheria. In 1890, L. Brieger and C. Fraenkel prepared, from cultures of diphtheria bacilli, a toxic substance, which they called toxalbumin, which when injected in suitable doses into guinea-pigs, immunized these animals to diphtheria.
Starting from his observations on the action of iodoform, Behring tried to find whether a disinfection of the living organism might be obtained if animals were injected with material that had been treated with various disinfectants. Above all the experiments were performed with diphtheria and with tetanus bacilli. They led to the well-known development of a new kind of therapy for these two diseases. In 1890 Behring and S. Kitasato published their discovery that graduated doses of sterilised brothcultures of diphtheria or of tetanus bacilli caused the animals to produce, in their blood, substances which could neutralize the toxins which these bacilli produced (antitoxins). They also showed that the antitoxins thus produced by one animal could immunize another animal and that it could cure an animal actually showing symptoms of diphtheria. This great discovery was soon confirmed and successfully used by other workers.
Earlier in 1898, Behring and F. Wernicke had found that immunity to diphtheria could be produced by the injection into animals of diphtheria toxin neutralized by diphtheria antitoxin, and in 1907 Theobald Smith had suggested that such toxin-antitoxin mixtures might be used to immunize man against this disease. It was Behring, however, who announced, in 1913, his production of a mixture of this kind, and subsequent work which modified and refined the mixture originally produced by Behring resulted in the modern methods of immunization which have largely banished diphtheria from the scourges of mankind. Behring himself saw in his production of this toxin-antitoxin mixture the possibility of the final eradication of diphtheria; and he regarded this part of his efforts as the crowning success of his life's work.
From 1901 onwards Behring's health prevented him from giving regular lectures and he devoted himself chiefly to the study of tuberculosis. To facilitate his work a commercial firm in which he had a financial interest, built for him well-equipped laboratories at Marburg and in 1914 he himself founded, also in Marburg, the Behringwerke for the manufacture of sera and vaccines and for experimental work on these. His association with the production of sera and vaccines made him financially prosperous and he owned a large estate at Marburg, which was well stocked with cattle which he used for experimental purposes.
The great majority of Behring's numerous publications have been made easily available in the editions of his Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Collected Papers) in 1893 and 1915.
Numerous distinctions were conferred upon Behring. Already in 1893 the title of Professor was conferred upon him, and two years later he became «Geheimer Medizinalrat» and officer of the French Legion of Honour. In the ensuing years followed honorary membership of Societies in Italy, Turkey and France; in 1901, the year of his Nobel Prize, he was raised to the nobility, and in 1903 he was elected to the Privy Council with the title of Excellency. Later followed further honorary memberships in Hungary and Russia, as well as orders and medals from Germany, Turkey and Roumania. He also became an honorary freeman (Ehrenbürger) of Marburg.
In 1896 Behring married the 18 years old Else Spinola, daughter of the Director of the Charité at Berlin. They had seven children. Behring died at Marburg on March 31, 1917.
From Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.