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发表于 2022-11-15 11:44:36
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对于专用厂区/设备,虽然没有不同原料药之间的交叉污染风险,但需要根据工艺类型(如,化学合成、自然来源提取、发酵、物理步骤等)、最终产品、生产工艺中所用到物料(如,起始原料、原料、溶剂和试剂)具体分析可能的污染物。对于共用生产厂区的清洁验证,即使是专用设备,也需要识别出所有的可能污染源。表II总结了一些关键考虑点。
Potential contaminants
可能的污染物
Control strategies
控制策略
Residues of processed materials
(raw and starting materials, intermediates)
工艺物料的残留(原料、起始原料、中间体)
Contaminants could be reduced below acceptable levels if appropriate
in-process controls monitoring reaction completion is in place and the
process has been validated.
如果有适宜的中控可以监测反应完成情况且工艺已被验证,则污染物可以被去除到可接受的水平。
Residues of by-products
副产物的残留
Residues of toxic by-products generated during a manufacturing process
must be monitored. In the Thalidomide case, one of the two enantiomers
was later discovered to be teratogenic; in other cases different enantiomers can have different pharmacological or toxicological profiles.
生产过程中所产生的毒性副产物的残留需要被监测。反应停案例中,两个异构体中的一个后来被发现是致畸的,在其它的案例中,不同的异构体会有不同的药理或毒理。
Residues of degradation products
降解物残留
Adequate studies (e.g., forced degradation studies) should be conducted
in case the residues of the product are not stable throughout the whole
length of the production campaign.
若产品残留在生产周期内是不稳定的,则需要进行充分的实验(如:强降解实验)。
Residues of solvents used during manufacturing process
生产过程中所用溶剂的残留
Acceptable limits level of contaminants should be established based
on toxicity calculation (9). The impact will depend on the stage of the production process; the closest to the final product, the biggest the impact.
应基于毒性计算建立污染物的可接受限度。影响将取决于生产工艺所处阶段,离最终产品越近,则影响越大。
Residues of detergents or solvents used for cleaning during a production campaign or between different campaigns
生产周期内或不同生产周期间清洁所用清洁剂或溶剂的残留。
Potential reactions between the solvents used for cleaning and the reagents/starting materials should be evaluated (e.g., contamination of
antiretroviral drug Viracept [Nelfinavir] with ethyl mesylate (10)).
需评估清洁所用溶剂与试剂/起始原料之间的潜在反应(如:抗逆转录病毒药物奈非那韦和甲基酸乙酯之间的污染)
Residues of sanitizers
消毒剂残留
Sanitizers could be used to sanitize the equipment at the end of a production campaign. When the active substance has to meet microbiological specification they could be used more often during a production campaign.
可在生产周期结束时使用消毒剂进行设备消毒。如果原料药必须要符合微生物标准,则可在生产周期内可能多次使用消毒剂。
Microbiological contamination, endotoxins
微生物污染、内毒素
These factors should be considered in case of active substances with microbiological or endotoxin content requirements.
如果原料药有微生物或内毒素要求时,则需要考虑这些因素。
Materials used during manufacturing (e.g., filtering aids, charcoal, plastic particles from gasket, glass particles from glass-lined tanks, paper particles from filters, lubricants from motors and bearings, fibers from personnel garments, diatomaceous earth, small slivers of stainless steel, etc.)
生产过程所用物料(如:助滤剂、活性炭、来自垫圈的塑料颗粒、来自搪玻璃釜的玻璃颗粒、马达和轴承润滑油、个人衣物纤维、硅藻土、不锈钢碎片等)
Many materials used during production could represent a source of contamination if not removed or if maintenance and/or assembling of the
equipment are not performed correctly.
如果在设备维护和/或组装过程中操作不当,则生产过程中所用的很多物料都将成为污染源。
Table II: Potential contaminants and control strategies
表II:潜在污染物和控制策略
Companies manufacturing only one product use dedicated equipment by default. In addition, companies must use a dedicated facility, line, or equipment, if:
公司仅生产一个产品则必然是使用专用。此外,在下列情况,公司也必须使用专用设施、专用生产线或专用设备:
The calculated limits of undesirable residues are too low and therefore the potential residues would not be detectable with the available analytical methods (2).
残留物的计算限度太低从而导致现有分析方法不能检测出可能的残留。
The acceptance criteria are too low and cannot be achieved (i.e., for some high potency active substances).
可接受限度太低而不能达到(如,有一些高活性原料药)。
The data to calculate safe threshold levels for toxic or sensitizing substances are not yet available or not sufficient (4).
用于计算毒性或敏感物料安全限度的数据不充分或不可获得。 |
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